Life of Sea

Life of Anglerfish

2011-12-16T22:29:00.001+07:00

Life of Sea | Anglerfish | Anglerfish are members of the teleost order Lophiiformes. They are bony fish named for their characteristic mode of predation in which a fleshy growth from the head of the fish serves as a lure, this is considered analogous to fish. Some Anglerfish are pelagic, benthic and others. Some live in the deep sea, and others on the continental shelf. They are everywhere. Pelagic forms are most laterally (sideways) compressed whereas the benthic forms are often extremely dorsoventrally compressed (depressed) often with large upward pointing mouths. The Anglerfish is an incredible example of how living organisms can be a way to survive, even in the most inhospitable surroundings. There are over 200 kinds of fishermen, their name to their way of 'fishing' for their food. A spine of the dorsal fin acts as a 'rod', paid with a fleshy "bait" that is often light. Other fish are attracted to this lure and eaten.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Actinopterygii
Subclass:     Neopterygii
Infraclass:     Teleostei
Order:     Lophiiformes

Anglerfish has a massive head, with grotesque features. It has a large crescent-shaped mouth, with plenty of sharp pointed teeth. It has a flat white belly region, the upper half of the body taking a broad expansive posture. Color varies from greenish brown to blackish gray, with speckled and spotted markings. The head and body have a vague outline caused by the presence of numerous small flaps of skin. The gill slits are behind and below the base of the pectoral fins. Along the middle of the line of the head and front part of the body, are a series of separate beams. Above the pectoral fins rise to the first dorsal fin. The main section of the stacks form long spines. The most important of which is normally a fleshy tip that the fish used as bait to lure its prey.

Some Anglerfish, such as the Ceratioid (Ceratiidae, or sea devils), employ an unusual method of coverage. Because humans are presumably locally rare and encounters doubly so, finding a mate is problematic. When scientists first started capturing ceratioid anglerfish, they noticed that all copies are females. These individuals were a few centimeters in size and almost all of them had what appeared to be parasites attached to them. It turned out that these "parasites" were strong men ceratioids reduced. A family Lophiidae is of commercial importance to fisheries in the Northwest of Europe, eastern North America, Africa and the Far East. In Europe and North America, the tail meat of fish of the genus Lophius, known as fish-GOOS (North America) or monkfish, is widely used in cooking, and is often compared to lobster tail in taste and texture. In Asia, especially Korea and Japan, is a delicacy.

Another unusual adaptation in Anglerfish is their sexual dimorphism. The males are very small compared to the females, and live as permanent parasites on the female. The male attaches itself by biting, the body of the female. His mouth fuses with her skin, and blood vessels of the two fish connected. The male is entirely dependent on the female for food. In fact, the man starts to degenerate. Eyes are smaller and he eventually loses. His internal organs disappear. The man is simply a source of sperm. The young are planktonic, with a remarkably elongated fin rays.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Axolotl

2011-12-16T22:02:00.001+07:00

Life of Sea | Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) | The Axolotl is a neotenic salamander, closely related to the Tiger Salamander. Larvae of this species do not undergo metamorphosis, so the adults remain aquatic and gills. It is also called Ajolote (which is also a common name for several species of salamander). The species comes from a large number of lakes, including Lake Xochimilco underlying Mexico City. Axolotls are used extensively in scientific research due to their ability to regenerate limbs. Axolotls should not be confused with water dogs, the larval stage of the closely related Tiger Salamanders, which are widespread in many parts of North America and occasionally neotenic, nor with mudpuppies, fully aquatic salamanders which are not closely related the Axolotl, but have a superficial resemblance.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Amphibia
Order:     Caudata
Family:     Ambystomatidae
Genus:     Ambystoma
Species:     A. mexicanum

Axolotls are often called "Mexican walking fish," but they are not fish. They belong to a group of amphibians called salamanders. Salamanders are amphibians that are a bit like lizards, except that they are covered with a soft damp skin, not scales. Axolotls possess features typical of salamander larvae, including external gills and a caudal fin extending from behind the head to the vent. Their heads are broad and their eyes are lidless. Their limbs are underdeveloped and have long, thin digits. The males are recognizable by their swollen cloacae lined with papillae, while females are noticeable for their wider bodies full of eggs. Three pairs of external gills steal (rami) originate behind their heads and are used to move oxygenated water. The external gills rami are lined with filaments (fimbriae) to increase the surface area for gas exchange. Four gill slits lined with Gill Rakers are hidden under the external gills. Axolotls have barely visible vestigial teeth which would have developed during metamorphosis.

The Axolotl is only native to Lake Xochimilco and Lake Chalco in central Mexico. Unfortunately for the Axolotl, Lake Chalco no longer exists because it was artificially drained periodically to prevent flooding, and Lake Xochimilco remains a diminished glimpse of its former self, existing mainly as canals. The water temperature in Xochimilco rarely exceed 20 ° C (68 ° F), but it may fall to 6 or 7 ° C (45 ° F) in winter, and perhaps lower. The wild population is put under heavy pressure by the growth of Mexico City. Axolotls are also sold as food in Mexican markets and became a staple in the Aztec diet. They are currently listed by CITES as an endangered species and by IUCN as Endangered with a decreasing population. Axolotls find their food by sight and by smell. They are carnivorous, consuming small prey such as worms, insects and small fish in the wild. Axolotls to find food by smell, and will "snap" at any meal, sucking the food into their stomachs with vacuum force.

Today, the Axolotl is still used in the study as a model organism, and large numbers are bred in captivity. Axolotls are especially easy to grow compared to other salamanders in their family, who almost never offspring due to the demands of terrestrial life. An attractive feature of the study is large and easy to manipulate embryos, thus viewing the full development of a vertebrate. Axolotls are used in heart defect studies due to the presence of a mutant gene that causes heart failure in embryos. Since the embryos survive almost to hatching with no heart function, the defect is very observable. The presence of multiple color variants has also been extensively investigated.

The hallmark of the salamander that attracts most attention is the healing power: the Axolotl can not be cured by scarring and is capable of regenerating the entire lost appendages in a period of months, and, in some cases, more vital structures. Some have indeed been found restoring the less vital parts of their brains. They can also readily accept transplants from other individuals, including eyes and parts of the brains-restoring these alien organs to full functionality. In some cases, Axolotls are known to repair a damaged limb and regenerating an extra end with an extra appendage that makes them attractive to pet owners as a novelty. In metamorphosed individuals, however, is the ability to regenerate fallen sharply. The axolotl is therefore used as a model for the development of limbs in vertebrates.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Fangtooths

2011-12-13T18:02:00.000+07:00

Life of Sea | Fangtooths (Anoplogaster cornuta) | Fangtooths are beryciform fish of the family Anoplogastridae (sometimes spelled "Anoplogasteridae") who live in the deep sea. The name is from Greek anoplo means "unarmed" and gaster means "belly". With a Circumglobal distribution in tropical and temperate waters cold, the family contains only two very similar species in a genus with no known relatives: the common fangtooth fish, Anoplogaster cornuta, found worldwide, and shorthorned fangtooth fish, Anoplogaster brachycera, found in tropical waters of the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Actinopterygii
Order:     Beryciformes
Family:     Anoplogastridae
Genus:     Anoplogaster
Günther, 1859
Species:     A. brachycera
A. cornuta

The Fangtooths fish has the largest teeth of any fish in the ocean, in proportion to body length. The young are morphologically very different - unlike adults, they have long spines on the head and preoperculum, larger eyes, a functional gas bladder, long and slender gill Rakers, much smaller and can be pressed teeth, and a light gray color. These differences when the two life stages should be regarded as separate species, with one in another genus is caused Caulolepsis.While understandably named for their disproportionately large, Fang-like teeth and unapproachable face fangtooth fish are actually quite small and harmless to humans : the larger of the two species, the common fangtooth fish, reaching a maximum length of only 6 cm, the short thorn Fangtooths fish was about half this size.

The head is small with a big mouth and looks bewildered, filled with mucus cavities delineated by serrated edges and covered with a thin skin. The eyes are relatively small, high on the head, the whole head is dark brown to black and strongly laterally compressed, deep furrows and gradually thinner towards the tail. The fins are small, simple and cowardly, the scales are embedded in the skin and the shape of thin plates. As compensation for reduced eyes, the lateral line is well developed and appears as an open slot along the flanks.

Pelagic Fangtooths are among the deepest-living fish as far as 5,000 meters down found. They are more commonly found among the 200 - 2000 meters, however, and apparently people stay in the upper reaches of this series. They can undergo Diel migrations as is common with many deep-sea fish: by day these fish remain in the gloomy depths and towards evening they rise into the upper layers of the water column to feed by starlight, returning to deep water by daybreak . Fangtooth fish can form small schools or go alone. They are supposed to use to contact chemoreception to find prey, relying on luck to bump into something edible.

The smaller teeth and longer gill Rakers of juveniles suggest they feed primarily by filtering zooplankton from the water, while deeper living adults target other fish and squid. The fangtooth fish 'oversized teeth and mouth are a common feature among the miniature beasts of the deep, thought to be an advantage in these lean waters where anything found to be (even if it is larger than the fish) should be considered as a potential meal. The fangtooth fish in turn attacked by other large pelagic fish such as tuna and marlin.

Fangtooths are known as robust compared to many other deep sea fish, they are kept alive for months in the aquarium when the circumstances are very different from their usual deep-sea habitat. Fangtooth fish have planktonic larvae and are considered non-Guarder, spawning frequency and time are not sure. The youth of the common fangtooth fish begin to mature form of about three inches in length, at which point they begin to descend into deeper water. Beginning of the term is not known, but often fangtooth fish are known to mature at 6 inches. They are probably slow-growing, like most deep sea fish.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Mandarin Fish

2011-12-13T16:16:00.002+07:00

Life of Sea | Mandarin Fish (Synchiropus splendidus) | The Mandarin fish is the most beautiful member of the genus Synchiropus. It is also one of the most breathtaking marine fish ever found in our oceans. It looks more like an intricate painting that a fish does, her entire body is composed of alternating wavy lines of orange, blue and green. While they are commonly known as the Mandarin goby fish, they're real name is Mandarin Dragonet. It is similar to the Scooter Blenny (Synchiropus Occelatus). The mandarin fish is from the Pacific, ranging approximately from the Ryukyu Islands south to Australia.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Actinopterygii
Order:     Perciformes
Family:     Callionymidae
Genus:     Synchiropus
Gill, 1860
Species:     S. splendidus

The Mandarin fish can simply not be confused with another fish. It has perhaps the most attractive color and pattern of reef fish commonly kept. The scale-less body of the fish is a blue or green color, orange wavy lines on it. The tail is bright red with blue edges. Other colors can be found in the pattern too. These fish are sometimes psychedelic fish because of the rather bizarre colors. The male Mandarin is usually larger than the female and has a large pointed dorsal fin that is rarely shown. They are found in pairs or groups, often on sandy bottoms between reef tops.

Mandarin fish are reef dwellers prefer sheltered lagoons and reefs. While slowly moving and quite often within their reach, they are not easily seen because of their bottom-feeding habit and their small size (reaching only about 6 cm). They feed mainly on small crustaceans and other invertebrates. Mandarin fish is one of the most popular fish, but they are unfortunately one of the most likely to perish in the average reef tank. The reason for this is their very picky eating habits. Many mandarins eat copepods and amphipods living alone (pods) which are found in sufficient numbers only in larger, established reef tanks. The minimum required tank is generally listed as 55 liters or more with 50 pounds of live rock. It is based on feeding requirements and not the space requirements as the Mandarin is a very slow, docile fish. Perhaps more important than the tank is heavily fed and nutrient rich a tank, since this type of tank will generally support a higher population than pod tanks operate under more lean conditions.

Nutrition can be a big problem with Mandarin fish. Some will take food like frozen brine shrimp and bloodworms. Others will refuse to do anything but live food to take. Mandarins are extremely slow and hover like a hummingbird using their fins, while looking for food. Even Mandarin fish that take prepared food to have a hard time competing with faster fish for snacks. One suggestion especially in smaller tanks that do not support a large group of people is to build a 'pod pile'. This is a few small stones stacked in a pile in which small pieces of shrimp or similar food can be added every few days. This pile of rocks provides shelter and food for the pods, which enables them to quickly provide food and nest in Mandarin fish.

Mandarin fish are breding in captivity. They are pelagic brothers, both male and female standing in the water column release eggs and sperm. The rearing of larvae is a difficult job to live rotifers, live brine shrimp and phytoplankton cultures required. Breeders Guide covers all popular marine fish species such as mandarin dragonet. Covers larvae collection techniques, quality of water and live food. Basically everything needed for a successful breeder.

Mandarin fish are peaceful fish suitable for community tanks. They are only aggressive towards conspecifics, that is, tangerine and other dragonets like the psychedelic and the scooter dragonet dragonet's diaper. If you want a pair of mandarin, buy a male and female and put them together. The first dorsal spine on men is very long and is clearly visible. Females lack the elongated back.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Southern Elephant Seal

2011-11-29T01:17:00.002+07:00

Life of Sea | Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina) | The Southern elephant seal is one of the two existing species of elephant seal. It is both the most massive pinniped and member of the order Carnivora live today. The seal gets its name from the large size and wide snout of the adult males, which is used for extremely harsh roaring noises, especially during the mating season. Southern elephant seals can be found around the subantarctic islands near the Antarctic Polar Front. South Georgia is home to the largest population with more than half of the entire species. Other populations are found on Macquarie Island, Heard Island and the Kerguelen Islands. Rare birth of Southern elephant seals have also been reported in New Zealand, Australia and South Africa, and some wandering individuals are found as far north as the equator.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Mammalia
Order:     Carnivora
Suborder:     Pinnipedia
Family:     Phocidae
Genus:     Mirounga
Species:     M. leonina

The Southern elephant seal differs from the northern elephant seal (which are not within range overlaps with this species) by a larger body mass and a broader snout. The Southern elephant seals' size shows extreme sexual dimorphism, perhaps the greatest of all mammals, with males typically five to six times heavier than the females. The eyes are large, round and black. The width of the eyes, and a high concentration of low light pigments, suggesting that the eye plays an important role in capturing the prey. Like all seals, elephant seals his hind legs whose ends are the tail and tail fin. Each of the "feet" can deploy five long webbed fingers. This versatile double palm is used for water to float. The pectoral fins are rarely used while swimming. While the hind limbs are unsuitable for locomotion on land, sea elephants use their fins to support their body to drive.

Pups are born with fur and are completely black. Their fur is unsuitable for water, but protects infants by isolating them from the cold air. The first moult accompanies weaning. After moulting, the gray and brown coats, depending on the thickness and moisture of hair. Among older men, the skin in the form of a thick leather which is often drawn. Like other seals, elephant seals, the vascular system adapted to the cold, a mixture of small veins surround arteries capturing heat from them. This structure is present in the extremities, such as the hind legs.

Elephant seals are among the seals remain on land for the longest period of time because they can stay dry for several consecutive weeks per year. Males arrive in the colonies rather than the females and the struggle for control of harems when they arrive. Large body size confers advantages in combat and the relations of the bulls agonist leads to a dominance hierarchy with access to harems and activities within the harems, is determined by rank. The dominant bulls or "harem masters" to establish harems of dozens of females. The least successful males have no harems, but may attempt to copulate a male harem women when the man is not looking.

They repeatedly dive, each time for more than twenty minutes, their prey, squid and fish hunting. Insofar as the duration, depth and sequence of dives, the Southern elephant seal is the best performing seal. In the ocean, the seals apparently living alone. Most women usually only do pelagic foraging 'dives, while males do both pelagic and benthic foraging dives. While hunting in the dark depths, it is partly due to the use of the view that the elephants seem to locate their prey, the bioluminescence of some prey, fishing easier. Elephant seals do not have a developed system of echolocation in the way of cetaceans, but it is assumed that their vibrissae, which are sensitive to vibrations, a play in search of food.

Weaned pups and young people are attacked by Orca (killer whales) and leopard seals sometimes. The Southern elephant seal was heavily hunted for its oil for centuries. The Southern elephant seal population has decreased significantly over the last forty years. The decrease may be due to the dramatic recovery of the Southern elephant seal populations as commercial seal hunt ended creating more competition for increasingly scarce food sources.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Northern Elephant Seal

2011-11-28T23:44:00.002+07:00

Life of Sea | Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris) | The Northern elephant seal is one of the two species of elephant seal (the other is the Southern elephant seal). It is a member of the family Phocidae ("true seals"). Elephant seals get their name from their large size and large trunk of the man. The Northern elephant seal seal is the only mammal with a bi-annual migratory pattern. The first migration comes after winter breeding season, and the second after the summer moult. They are mostly underwater, diving to depths of about 1330-800 m for 20-30 minutes with only short breaks to the surface. They are rarely seen at sea for this reason. While on land, they prefer sandy beaches. Northern elephant seals can be found on the coast and offshore islands of California and Baja California. They migrate twice a year from California to Mexico and the men migrate to feeding grounds in the North Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Alaska, and near the eastern Aleutian Islands.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Mammalia
Order:     Carnivora
Family:     Phocidae
Genus:     Mirounga
Species:     M. angustirostris

Northern elephant seals are characteristic long noses giving them their common name. Both adult and young elephants are bar-skin and black for the moult. After moulting they generally have a silver-gray to dark brown coat that fades to yellow and brown. Adult males have bare neck and chest mottled with pink, white and light brown. Pups are usually black at birth and molt into a silver-gray after weaning. The eyes are large, round and black. The width of the eyes and a high concentration of low light pigments suggests that the eye plays an important role in capturing the prey. Like all seals, elephant seals have shrunk back legs whose underdeveloped ends form the tail and tail fin.

The much larger Northern elephant seal males. The pectoral fins are rarely used while swimming. While the hind limbs are unsuitable for locomotion on land, sea elephants use their fins to support their body to drive. They are able to quickly propel themselves in this way for short-distance trips, returning to the water, catching up with a female or chase an intruder. Like other seals, elephant seals have adapted to the cold blood, in which a mixture of small veins surrounding arteries to absorb heat from them. This structure is present in the extremities, such as the hind legs.

The Northern elephant seal returns to its terrestrial breeding in December and January, with the bulls arriving first. The bulls usually attract insulated or otherwise protected beaches on islands or the mainland very remote locations. It is important that these beach areas, protection from the winter storms and high waves waves to offer. The bulls participating in battles of supremacy to determine which few bulls will result in a harem. Cephalopods are an important part of the Northern elephant seal diet. Other prey includes Pacific whiting, rays, sharks, and pelagic red crabs.Northern elephant seals prey by great white sharks, a major cause of mortality in young seals, and sometimes by orcas (killer whales).

After the male arrived to the beach, the females come to give birth. Females fast for 5 weeks and nurse their single pup for 4 weeks in the last few days of lactation, the females come in pairs and loops. However, dominant males often break off a mate to drive rivals. While the battles are usually not among the dead, they are brutal and often with considerable bloodshed and damage, but in many cases the wrong opponents, the younger, less capable males are simply chased away, often into upland dunes. The majority of copulations in a colony are made by only a few men with less than one third of the bulls to mate with a female. Pups are sometimes crushed in battle between bulls.

Once thought to be extinct from the commercial seal hunt in the 1800s, the population began to grow steadily in the early 1900s. Although a full population census of Northern elephant seal is not possible because all age classes are not ashore at the same time, the most recent estimate of the California breeding stock was approximately 124,000 people. Entanglement in marine debris, fisheries interactions, and ship collisions are their main threats.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Harbor Seal

2011-11-28T13:46:00.002+07:00

Life of Sea | Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina) | The Harbor seal as a True seal is also known as the common seal. They are found in coastal waters of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as well as those of the Baltic and North Sea, making them the most widespread of the pinnipeds (walruses, eared seals and true seals). They can usually be seen inhabit shallow areas where the sandbanks, rocks and beaches are found at low tide, or otherwise easily accessible. Since seals do not migrate, they are present in many areas throughout the year and location, while loyalty is displayed, Harbor seals are also capable of long distance movements. Some short movements can be associated with seasonal availability of prey and breeding.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Mammalia
Order:     Carnivora
Suborder:     Pinnipedia
Family:     Phocidae
Genus:     Phoca
Species:     P. vitulina

Each individual who a unique pattern of fine, dark spots (or light spots on a dark background in a number of variants), they range in color from brownish black to brown or gray, belly are generally lighter. The body and fins are short, with a relatively large, round head. The nostrils seem distinctive V-shaped, as with other true seals, there is no ear flap. A relatively large (for a seal) ear canal may be visible behind the eye.

Harbor seals' eyes are prominent and adapted for the shades of black and white. Colour vision is not necessary and it is probably bad to nonexistent. Compared with humans, they have superior underwater vision is even better, on inferior land. To protect the eyes while out of water, mucus continually washes over them. Since pinnipeds lack a duct for draining eye fluids into the nasal passages, these fluids dripping out of the eye and give the seals their characteristic wet spots around the eyes. Good vision does not seem to be essential to Harbor seal survival, scientists have found blind but otherwise healthy individuals, including mothers with pups, at sea.

Harbor seals, like all true seals, lack an external ear flap, but an external ears, or the opening of the ear with a sharp ear to them, respond to underwater sounds. A harbor seal uses sensitive vibrissae to detect vibrations. It lits the vibrissae in a dramatic move on their mobile upper lip in and out. When vibrations are observed, a significant nervous system controls the vibrissae are tactile information to the brains.

Harbor seals are probably the least vocal of all pinnipeds. In the air, they snort, blow, growling, or sneezing - often as a threat to another seal. Harbor seals vocalize mostly underwater. Pups vocalize more frequently than adults, especially their mothers. Pups' sheep-like cries are individually distinguished by their mothers. Older men vocalize underwater as part of a display during the breeding season. Unlike most pinnipeds, adult seals are usually solitary and rarely contact other than to mate. But they often pull the loosely organized groups. These groups, both sexes and all ages. Harbor seals generally do not touch each other when pulled out. They maintain a space between them of one meter (meters) or more. If touched by another common seal, they respond with growling, snorting, flipper-waving, head-pressing, scratching or biting.

Harbor seals are opportunistic feeders, consuming mainly benthic and schooling prey. Common prey species, herring, flounder, and perch. They will also octopus, squid and shrimp. A Harbor seal's diet varies seasonally and regionally, and often depends on local prey availability. Harbour seals generally obtain the water they need from their food. If food intake is reduced, the metabolic breakdown of fat produces water. Dehydration usually follows illness or injury.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Gray Seal

2011-11-27T07:38:00.001+07:00

Life of Sea | Gray Seal (Halichoerus grypus) | The Gray seal, meaning "hooked-nosed sea pig" can be found on both banks of the North Atlantic. It's a great seal of the family Phocidae or "true seals". It is the only species classified in the genus Halichoerus. His name is spelled gray seals in the U.S., it is also known as Atlantic Grey Seal and the Horsehead seal. Gray seals are found in the North Atlantic is divided into three different populations: the western Atlantic population is found off the coast of Canada from northern Labrador down occasionally to New England as far south as Virginia. The eastern Atlantic population is near the coasts of the United Kingdom and Ireland, and on the coasts of the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Norway and northwestern Russia to the White Sea. Smaller populations are also found on the French, Dutch and German coast, and people are wandering as far south as Portugal found. The third known population of gray seals in the Baltic Sea is located.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Mammalia
Order:     Carnivora
Suborder:     Caniformia
Superfamily:     Pinnipedia
Family:     Phocidae
Genus:     Halichoerus, Nilsson, 1820
Species:     H. grypus

It's a great seal, with the bulls reaching 2.5-3.3 m long and weighing 170-310 kg, the cows are much smaller, usually 1.6 to 2.0 m long and 100 to 190 kg in weight. The species from the western Atlantic Ocean are often much larger. Gray seals have a wide range of colors. Males tend to have a dark brownish-gray to black fur with a few light spots are. Females are generally light gray-brown, lighter on the chest, with dark spots and patches. Adult males, females and some older adults to a lesser extent, have a characteristic long nose with wide nostrils. It differs from the common seal with its head straight profile with nostrils set well apart, and fewer spots on his body. Bull Grays have larger noses and rounder profile than a harbor seal bulls.

Gray seals feed on a wide variety of fish, crustaceans and cephalopods. Sandeel or sand lances preferred prey in many areas. Like other species of seals, gray seals also occasionally consume seabirds. But it is clear that gray seals eat anything available, such as squid and lobsters. Sharks hunt gray seals in the western Atlantic, and orcas (killer whales) have also observed the killing of gray seals on both sides of the Atlantic.

Gray seals come together for drawing, breeding and moulting. The breeding season varies between populations, generally between mid-December and early February in Canada in late July to December in the United Kingdom, February to April in the Baltic Sea, and a peak in October in Iceland and Norway. Females become sexually mature at 3-5 years, males at 4-6 years, although males can not achieve territorial status until the 8-10 years old. Females usually give birth to the colony about one day after he landed in the colony.

Mating takes place on land, on ice or in water. The males are the colonies of the females to pup trying to access only to a group of about 2-10 females get. Successful males mate with 2-10 women, but in areas such as sand or ice, where the females are more dispersed, males often mate with only one wife. Recent evidence shows that women often have a greater choice of partners than males. Lactating females during the breeding season does not provide for about three weeks, and dominant males do not feed for up to 6 weeks. After mating, the males and females return to pelagic waters to feed.

Large-scale commercial hunting of Gray seals has not been made in recent years. Hunting and serious pollution in the Baltic gray seal populations drastically reduced, although the population appears to be recovering. This species remains threatened by the degree of pollution in the Baltic Sea by organochlorine compounds often found in seal blubber products that can cause reproductive problems. Pollution in the Baltic Sea has improved over the past two decades, but pollution-related diseases such as severe intestinal ulcers, still affect the seals.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Blue Tang

2011-11-15T18:10:00.000+07:00

Life of Sea | Blue Tang (Paracanthurus hepatus) | The Blue Tang is also known as the Regal Tang, Blue tangs and the Indo-Pacific Blue Tang. This beautiful fish is readily available, easy to maintain, and is very interesting to watch. The Blue Tang is probably the second most popular bar next to the yellow bar. It is a kind of Indo-Pacific surgeonfish and a popular aquarium fish in the sea, it is the only member of the genus Paracanthurus. The species' range is broad, but it is nowhere common. It can be found in the Indo-Pacific. It can be seen in reefs of East Africa, Japan, Samoa, New Caledonia and the Great Barrier Reef.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Actinopterygii
Order:     Perciformes
Family:     Acanthuridae
Genus:     Paracanthurus
Bleeker, 1863
Species:     P. hepatus

Blue Tang is quite flat like a pancake with a rounded body shape, a pointed snout-like nose, and small scales. The blue bar has nine dorsal spines, 26-28 dorsal soft rays, three anal spines and 24-26 anal soft rays. The blue bar should be one of the most common and most popular marine fish worldwide. They live in pairs or in small groups of up to 10 or 12 people. These fish reach sexual maturity at 9-12 months of age. As a juvenile, its diet consists mainly of plankton. Adults are omnivorous and feed on plankton, but also graze on algae. Spawning occurs during late afternoon and evening hours. This event is indicated by a change in color of a uniform dark blue to light blue.

Although Blue Tangs will eat meaty foods along with the other fish in the aquarium, it is important that they have enough of the sea-based seaweed and algae offered. This strengthens the immune system of the Blue Tang's, reduce aggression and improve their overall health. It is important that you feed tangs a good variety of live, frozen, and prepared formula foods. The Blue Tang eats zooplankton so they should be fed brine shrimp, mysis, grindal worms, and flake food. It is best to feed small amounts several times a day.

The Blue Tang is of minor importance to commercial fishing, it is a bait fish. The meat has a strong odor and is highly appreciated. This fish can ciguatera poisoning from human consumption. However, blue tangs are collected commercially for the aquarium trade. Dealing with the forceps risks the chances of being severely cut by the caudal spine. These spines, on both sides of the caudal peduncle, are extended from the body when the fish gets excited. The quick, thrashing sideways motion of the tail can produce deep wounds that lead to swelling and discoloration, posing a risk of infection. It is believed that some species of Acanthurus have venom glands while others do not. The spines are used only as a method of protection against aggressors.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Portuguese Man of War

2011-11-15T17:40:00.001+07:00

Life of Sea | Portuguese Man o' War (Physalia physalis) | These toxic marine animal is also known as the Blue Bottle jellyfish. Named "Man of War 'is obtained from the similarity of his torso, with Portuguese battleship with a sail. The Portuguese Man o' War is found in warm water oceans float on the surface of the open ocean, the air bladder keeps the head above water and acting as a sail, while the rest of the organism is under the surface. It has no means of self-drive and is totally dependent on winds, currents and tides. Portuguese Man o' War usually lives in tropical and subtropical regions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and the northern Atlantic Gulf Stream, although found in warm seas throughout the world.

Scientific classification

Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Cnidaria
Class:     Hydrozoa
Order:     Siphonophora
Family:     Physaliidae
Genus:     Physalia
Species:     P. physalis

Although the physical appearance as a jellyfish, Portuguese Man o' War is not a true jellyfish. It is siphonophores, an essentially consists of a colony of organisms working together. Bluebottle jellyfish consists of four separate polyps. The top polyp, pneumatophor, is full of gas. Therefore floats on water. The blowflies color can range from a blue to a pink hue, with a translucent body. Three other polyps known as: dactylozooid (functioning as a defense), gonozooid (reproductive function) and gastrozooid (functioning to eat).

Another part of the Portuguese Man o' War is tentacles. The tentacles are thin and long. They can be up to 30 meters. The tentacles are covered with nematocysts are full of poison to paralyze and kill fish and other small creatures. It eats small fish and other small animals that ocean is out with its long tentacles. The poison in the stingers paralyzes the prey, then eat the Portuguese Man o' War.

Despite the sting out, there are few marine animals that are immune to the sting Portuguese Man o' War. An example is the turtle. Turtles immune to the stabbing Portuguese Man o' War, because their skin and shells are too thick to be inserted by Bluebottle jellyfish. Moreover, Man of War to the favorite food of the turtle menu list. Sea slug, Glaucus atlanticus, Violet snail Janthina janthina, Blanket Octopus and Ocean Sunfish are other predators of Portuguese Man o' War.

For people, Portuguese Man o' War's sting was very painful, and sometimes causes death. In Australia, Portuguese Man o' War was responsible for as many as 10,000 people stabbing each summer in Australia, especially on the east coast, the coast of South Australia and Western Australia. Portuguese Man o' War cause fever, shock and heart and lung problems. If you are stung by a Portuguese Man o' War pick off any visible tentacles and rinse with fresh or salt water. Put ice on the area. Because you may go into shock, it is important to get medical help as soon as possible. The toxins from tentacles are about 75 percent as powerful as cobra poison. Even dead Portuguese Man o' Warh stranded on the beach and death, can still stabbing, so do not touch them.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Box Jellyfish

2011-11-15T17:11:00.001+07:00

Life of Sea | Sea Wasp (Chironex flecker) | Sea wasp or Box Jellyfish or Box Fish is the most poisonous sea creature than stone fish, sharks or sea snakes. Even it is a beautiful jelly, it has slain more people than other marine animals. Box jellyfish are usually found in shallow water. If you see the Box jellyfish to the sea, you are not allowed to water activities to do. They live in the coastal waters of northern Australia and New Guinea to the north to the Philippines and Vietnam.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Cnidaria
Class:     Cubozoa, Werner, 1975
Orders:
Carybdeida
Chirodropida

The Box jellyfish has a large transparent bubble or cube as the body and is divided into segments. They have a transparent body with a light blue color. It has stinging tentacles. Each tentacle of a jellyfish box can store up to 5,000 of these nematocysts. The Box jellyfish uses these tentacles to catch its prey, such as small fish and crustaceans. Box jellyfish is, unlike many other jellyfish, equipped with four eyes. Eyes are connected to a nerve ring and the creature can take evasive action or move to his prey. Two of the eyes in the set to detect only light. It has no brain, no heart and no blood.

Box jellyfish feed on small crustaceans and small fish. These animals have a strategy to capture their prey. They will wait for prey to bump into their tentacles. They will then slain by their stinging tentacles to poison Stong. However, turtles are not affected by stabbing them. Sea turtles lay their predator. Box jellyfish is responsible for more deaths than in Australian snakes, sharks and saltwater crocodiles.

Box jellyfish are known for the highly potent poison produced by a number of species: Chironex fleckeri, Carukia barnesi and Malo Kingi are among the most poisonous animals in the world. Stings from these and some other species in the class are very painful and sometimes fatal to humans. In most cases, the sting of the Box jellyfish do not cause death, but it always has the potential to do so. In fact, the jellyfish, the most toxic, releases a small amount of poison that it rarely causes death. However, each stitch is extremely painful and requires immediate medical attention. In the worst cases of stabbing, anti-poison can be applied.

The poison of the Box jellyfish has cardiotoxic, neurotoxic and highly dermatonecrotic components. When injected, it is quickly absorbed into the circulation. The pain is unbearable, the tentacles are sticky and adhere tightly to the skin. Any attempt to remove the tentacles while they are still active may worsen the sting and cause major injuries. Severe stabbing result in necrosis of the affected skin. If treatment is not given, the pain may take weeks and often leave significant scars stabbing.

Domestic vinegar (never methylated spirits) to be poured over the tentacles stick to inactivate nematocysts as soon as possible. If the tentacles are inactive, they can be safely removed. (The use of vinegar is not intended to reduce pain or to reduce effects of the poison, it will only stop further discharge of nematocysts). In case of respiratory or cardiovascular collapse, basic life support, such as artificial respiration and CPR required. Where antivenom is not available, the pressure-immobilisation of limbs after inactivation of nematocysts are used while the patient is transported to the hospital.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Bull Shark

2011-11-15T16:56:00.001+07:00

Life of Sea | Bull Shark (Carcharhinus leucas) | The Bull shark is also known as Zambezi sharks or unofficially known as Zambi in Africa and Nicaragua shark in Nicaragua. Bull shark is a shark common worldwide in warm, shallow waters along the coasts and in rivers. The Bull shark is known for its unpredictable, often aggressive behavior. The Bull shark is a potentially dangerous shark. They are very inquisitive and will likely show interest in you as you are diving in their waters. The Bull shark is the most abundant in sub-tropical to tropical coastal waters of South Africa, Mozambique, Mauritius, Myanmar, the Bahamas, Belize, Cuba, Costa Rica and the Bahamas. The Bull Sharks are most common in shallow waters in lagoons, bays and beaches along and are usually found in waters no deeper than 30 meters.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordate
Class:     Chondrichthyes
Subclass:     Elasmobranchii
Order:     Carcharhiniformes
Family:     Carcharhinidae
Genus:     Carcharhinus
Species:     C. leucas

Bull sharks are the most common of about six species of river sharks: Ganges shark (Glyphis gangeticus), spear tooth shark (Glyphis glyphis), Irrawaddy rivers shark (Glyphis siamensis), Borneo river shark (Glyphis B. sp), and New Guinea river shark (Glyphis sp. C), which can travel between salt and fresh water and live in fresh water for longer periods. The Bull sharks are large shark with a firm body. The top of the shark is gray and the underside is white. Although bull sharks are heavy, they can still swim fast. Their muzzle is broader than long. Therefore they are called Bull shark. The teeth are triangular, serrated and very sharp. The eyes are small. The female is larger than the male.

The Bull sharks will eat almost anything. They eat fish (including other sharks and rays), turtles, birds, molluscs, crustaceans, and dolphins. They are contained in sea mammals. Bull sharks are usually solitary hunters, but sometimes hunt in pairs. They often cruise through shallow waters. They can accelerate quickly and can be very aggressive. hey are very territorial and attack animals that enter their territory. Because Bull sharks often dwell in shallow waters, they more dangerous to humans than other species of sharks and, along with the tiger shark and great white shark, among the three shark species most likely to attack people.

Bull sharks are considered high risk and are considered one of the top four sharks responsible for attacks on humans. Not only do they exist in the ocean, but far above the river. Attacks are known to have happened in many rivers around the world. Many attacks in the past were attributed to white sharks, but researchers are now looking for the Bull shark as the main culprit of many attacks. As with the Tiger Shark, it's all about how you're around them, like most animals. Many divers interact with these sharks daily in South Africa and even the dive are non-nerving sometimes there are no incidents.

The Bull sharks are one of the most frequent attacker of people. They swim in very shallow water where people swim and is an aggressive shark. So do not forget to swim near river mouths or estuaries with turbid waters where Bull sharks are known to prevent avoidance. It is not allowed to swim near schools of fish along the coast. These schools are often chased by large predators. Last, you should be cautious if spearfishing. Bull sharks are known to spear fishermen carrying their catch approach. Bull sharks are considered one of the most dangerous species of tropical sharks, they are involved in a number of attacks on humans. They are commercially harvested and sold fresh, fresh frozen, or smoked for human consumption. They are also fins for shark fin soup. Their skins are sold for learning, for their liver oil, and their carcass for fishmeal.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Walrus

2011-11-12T17:37:00.001+07:00

Life of Sea | Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) | The walrus is a large marine mammal with a discontinuous circumpolar flippered distribution in the Arctic and sub-Arctic seas of the northern hemisphere. The walrus is the only living species in the family and Odobenus genus Odobenidae. It is divided into three subspecies: the Atlantic Walrus (O. rosmarus rosmarus), who lives in the Atlantic, the Pacific walrus (O. rosmarus diver gens), who lives in the Pacific, and O. rosmarus laptevi, who lives in the Laptev Sea. Walruses are famous for their tusks and are the only pinnipeds (true seals, sea lions and fur seals) they have. The tusks can grow to 1 m in length, and males tend to have larger tusks than females. The tusks are used for keeping airways open holes in the ice, to control and helping the walruses get himself out of the water on an ice floe.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Mammalia
Infraclass:     Eutheria
Order:     Carnivora
Suborder:     Caniformia
Superfamily:     Pinnipedia
Family:     Odobenidae
Allen, 1880
Genus:     Odobenus
Brisson, 1762
Species:     O. rosmarus

The Walrus' body shape shares characteristics with both sea lions and true seals. As with sea lion, could turn her rear flippers and go on all fours, but the swimming technique is more like that of true seals, rely less on flippers and more sinuous whole body movements. Even if true seals, lack external ears. The most striking feature of the walrus's long tusks. Tusks are slightly longer and thicker in men who use them for fighting, dominance and the screen of the strongest males with the largest tusks typically dominate social groups. Tusks are also used to form and maintain holes in the ice and help the walrus to climb out of the water on ice.

Previously assumed that tusks were used to dig out prey from the sea floor, but analysis of wear patterns on the tusks indicate that they are dragged through the sediment, while the top of the muzzle is used for digging. While the teeth of the walrus is highly variable, they generally have relatively few teeth other than fangs. Surrounding the tusks is a broad mat of stiff bristles ('mystacial vibrissae'), so the walrus a characteristic whiskered appearance.

Apart from the vibrissae, the walrus is sparsely covered with fur and appears bald. His skin is very wrinkled and thick, up to 10 cm (3.9 in) around the neck and shoulders of men. Young walruses are deep brown and grow paler and more cinnamon colored as they age. Old men, in particular, are almost pink. Because the skin blood vessels constrict in cold water, the walrus appears almost white while swimming. The Walrus has an air pocket under his throat that acts as a flotation bubble and allows you to bob vertically in the water and sleep. The males possess a large baculum (penis bone), the largest land mammal of all, both in absolute terms and relative to body size.

Walruses prefer shallow shelf regions, foraging mainly on the seabed, often sea ice platforms. They are not very deep divers compared to other pinnipeds. They can stay underwater as long as half hour. The walrus has a diverse and opportunistic diet, eating more than 60 genera of marine organisms, including shrimps, crabs, tube worms, soft corals, tunicates, sea cucumbers, various mollusks, and even other parts of its large size pinnipeds.Due and the tusks, the walrus has only two natural enemies: the orca and the polar bear. The walrus is not comprise a significant part of the diet of both predators are. Both the orca and the polar bear are also most likely to prey on walrus calves.

Walrus plays an important role in religion and folklore of many Arctic peoples. Skin and bones are used in some ceremonies and the animal often seems legends. Because of its striking appearance, large bulk and instantly recognizable whiskers and tusks, the walrus also appears in the popular culture of the peoples with little direct experience with the animal, especially in English literature.

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Sea Creatures

Life of True Seal

2011-11-11T14:54:00.001+07:00

Life of Sea | True Seal | True seals are a family of nineteen species of marine mammals. Together with the families of Eared seals and Walruses, True seals form the group of marine mammals known as pinnipeds. Alternative names for this family are Earless seals, Crawling seals and Phocid seals. Together this family of seals is broadly distributed along the coastal waters and shores of the seas and oceans. True seals are found in many regions of the earth from pole to pole, and one frequently observed in coastal areas. The Hawaiian monk seal is remarkable for its presence in tropical waters. Before it was extinct, the Caribbean monk seal was also remarkable. The Caspian Seal is notable for its endemic in an inland sea, although two subspecies of the ringed seal, the ringed seal and the Saimaa ringed seal Lagoda similar interior range.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Mammalia
Order:     Carnivora
Suborder:     Caniformia
Superfamily:     Pinnipedia
Family:     Phocidae, Gray, 1821

True seals are called earless seals because they lack external ear projections, they have functional inner ears. They have short, coarse hair, usually with a narrow, dense undercoat. Their color and pattern vary with the species, many are spotted. The pups of most species have fluffy coats of a light color. True seals are generally polygamous and cozy, but most do not form harems at breeding time, just like the eared seals. Some species have distinct migrations, but in most of the seals themselves after breeding, singly or in groups, over a large area of the ocean. Some polar species migrate in winter to avoid the advancing ice, members of other species winter under the ice, the surface through the holes to breathe.

While Eared seals are known for speed and maneuverability, True seals are known for efficient, economical movement. This allows most True seals to forage far from land to exploit prey resources, whereas Eared seals are linked to rich upwelling zones close to the breeding grounds. True seals swim by sideways movements of their bodies, using their hind flippers to optimal effect. True seals do not communicate by "barking" like Eared seals. Instead, they communicate by hitting the water and grunting.

True seals spend most of their time at sea, even if they return to land or pack ice to breed and give birth. Pregnant female spend long periods at sea foraging, building up fat reserves, and then return to the breeding of their stored energy to nurse pups. Harbor seals gives a reproductive strategy similar to that of Eared seals in which the mother makes short foraging trips between nursing attacks Because a True seals mother's feeding grounds are often hundreds of miles from the incubator, she quickly while breastfeeding. This combination of fasting with lactation, the mother of large amounts of energy to give her puppy at a time when they do not eat (and often, not to drink.) Mothers have their own metabolic needs while nursing.

The puppy's diet is so high in calories, fat builds up a store. Before the puppy is ready to feed, the mother leaves the pup and consumes its own fat for weeks or months, while it matures. True seals, like all mammals, need time to develop the oxygen stores, swimming muscles and neural pathways necessary for effective diving and foraging. True seals babies usually do not eat food and drink no water during the period, although some species eat polar snow. The postweaning fast ranges from two weeks to 9-12 weeks in hooded seals in the northern elephant seal. The physiological and behavioral adaptations that allow phocid pups to these remarkable fasts, which are among the longest for a mammal treaties, another area of active study and research.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Fur Seal

2011-11-11T14:25:00.002+07:00

Life of Sea | Fur Seal | Fur seals are one of the nine species of Pinnipeds in the Otariidae family. One species, the northern fur seal inhabits the North Pacific, while seven species in the genus Arctocephalus are found mainly in the southern hemisphere. They are more akin to sea lions than true seals, and to share with them external ears, relatively long and muscular fore flippers, and the ability to walk on four legs. They are characterized by their dense undercoat, giving them a long time object of commercial hunting.

Fur seals share with other otariids the ability to use their hind limbs forward and go on all fours. Fur seals are generally smaller than sea lions. At less than 1 meter (3 ft 3 in), the Galapagos fur seal is the smallest of all pinnipeds. However, they often proportionately longer flippers, their fur tends to be darker and the vibrissae more prominent. Males are often more than five times heavier than the females, making them among the most sexually dimorphic of all mammal groups.

Typically, fur seals gather during the summer months each year in large assemblies at specific beaches or rocks to give birth and breed. All species are polygynous, meaning dominant males reproduce with more than one wife. For most species, a total gestation lasts about 11.5 months, including several months of delayed implantation of the embryo.

While northern fur seal males aggressively select and defend the special women in their harems, males of species of southern fur seals tend to protect land areas and females are free to choose their partners according to their preferences or switch social hierarchy. After several consecutive days of taking care of newborn puppies, women go on foraging trips lasting as long as one week to take back to the colony to feed their young until they are weaned. Males rapidly during the reproductive season, willing to leave their wives or areas.

The rest of the year, fur seals lead a primarily pelagic existence in the open sea where the pursuit of their prey is abundant and plentiful. Fur seals feed on medium sized fish, squid and krill. Different types of the southern fur seal marine birds, especially penguins, as part of their diet. The fur seals themselves are attacked by sharks, killer whales and occasionally by larger sea lions.

Many fur seal species were heavily exploited by commercial hunters, especially during the 19th century when their fur was highly appreciated. Currently, most species protected and hunting is usually limited to subsistence harvest. Globally, most populations are considered healthy, mostly because they often prefer remote habitats that are relatively inaccessible to humans. However, environmental degradation, competition with fisheries and climate change can pose threats to some populations.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Sea Lion

2011-11-11T11:03:00.001+07:00

Life of Sea | Sea Lion | Sea lions are pinnipeds characterized by external ear-flaps, long front flippers, the ability to walk on four legs, and short thick hair. Along with the fur seal, they include the family Otariidae or eared seals. Their range extends from the subarctic to tropical waters of the oceans in both the northern and southern hemispheres with the notable exception of the North Atlantic. Sea lions are very interesting animals that end up being very large. Males are much larger than the females, which helps them get the opportunity to mate with them, because the females in search of the greatest male who have been in order.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Subphylum:     Vertebrata
Class:     Mammalia
Order:     Carnivora
Suborder:     Caniformia
Superfamily:     Pinnipedia
Family:     Otariidae

Some species of sea lions live in sub-arctic regions, while others live in warmer climates such as California. They have long torpedo-shaped bodies that are well designed for both movements in the water and on land. All types of Sea Lions are considered mammals. This is because they live the birth of their young and the females will nurse the puppies with milk they produce in their bodies. Sea lions are only two other animals that are predators - sharks and killer whales. The threat that they depend on the areas where the sea lion life. If they need to go into the water to find food then they are more likely to encounter such predators. Man has proven to be the greatest threat to the sea lion survive but for a very long time.

Sea lions are very social animals and different methods of communication. It does not know much about what these different types of sounds are used. They are often found in large colonies. For their protection, they are very similar both on land and in water. The large colonies but also have many sub-groups found in them. It is usual for the sea lions to a sub-group to another to move during the different stages of their lives.

Example, the males are more likely to be loners. They will form harems when it's time to get a new pair for several months. When the colonies again form the offspring that females are more likely to stay together. Once the pups are about one year old, they tend to form small subgroups. Sea lions are considered very intelligent animals. They were used to teach tricks for entertainment. They are also trained in the United States Navy to assist with their needs in the water. For the most part they are regarded as very timid, but there are some reports of aggressive attacks on humans. The males are very aggressive when it comes to earning the right to mate with the females.

The future is uncertain for many types of sea lions. Years of them being destroyed by man has really taken a toll on them. Care for the environment is still causing problems for them in their natural habitat as well. The fact that people the control over the waters where they once lived in peace to take is a major concern. Even with conservation efforts in place, there is still much work to do if these animals are to survive.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Seal

2011-11-11T10:46:00.003+07:00

Life of Sea | Seal | Seals are found in all waters of the world. They are often found in Arctic and Antarctic seas, but also in the Mediterranean, Caribbean, and Hawaiian waters. They belong to the order Pinnipedia, which means "fin-footed". Pinnipeds have four flippers - one pair in front, and a few in the back. There are three different families in the Pinnipeadia group. Phocidae (true seals), Otaridae (fur seals and sea lions) and Odobenidae (walruses). Seals which evolved from land mammals evolved smooth bodies, ideal for gliding through the water.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Subphylum:     Vertebrata
Class:     Mammalia
Order:     Carnivora
Suborder:     Caniformia
(unranked):     Pinnipedia, Illiger, 1811

Seals are mammals. They are warm blooded, give live birth, nurse their young, breathe air, and his hair. Because they live in the marine environment and find their food at sea, they are called mammals. Other marine mammals including whales and sea otters. Eared seals (sea lions and fur seals) have external ear flaps and are able to use their flippers to walk on the land by turning their hind flippers forward. While swimming, they use their front flippers for power.

True seals have no external ear flaps and can not rotate their hind flippers. On land, they pull themselves forward by their flippers while their hind flippers are dragged behind them. While swimming, they use their hind flippers for power. All seals are carnivores. Their diet consists mainly of fish, crustaceans and shellfish. Depending on season and availability, they will feed on other prey. Contrary to popular belief, seals are not at the top of the marine food chain. Orcas eat seals.

Seals are protected from the cold by a thick layer of mud, combined with a thick fur coat. Seals use their coarse, sensitive and ever-growing whiskers to find food. The seal wipes his upper lip up and down, using their whiskers to detect fish in troubled waters. Seals have large, round eyes, which are able to focus both above and under water. Seals have an excellent sense of smell, allowing them to detect predators. Females also use their smell to recognize their pups. While swimming, the nostrils remain firmly closed. Seals hear very well both above and below water. Females and pups often call to each other. Seals also growls and grunts underwater, especially during the breeding season.

Seals give birth to one pup at almost exactly one year intervals. They nurse for a short (between 4 days and 1 month), but intense period. Most seals mother to feed during lactation. After weaning her pup, she must regain her weight and her blubber stores to rebuild. The mother returns to sea to feed, while her puppy is left to learn to swim and fish hunting on his own. The pup will be the transition from dependence to independence almost entirely by instinct.

Male seals generally compete for access to females. They usually mate in the few days before the females return to sea after weaning their pups. The embryo will begin to develop, but it stuck in the uterus (called delayed implantation) until the female has rebuilt her blubber stores. The gestation period is approximately 9 months. Seals are able to hold their breath for a long time during the dive, using stored oxygen in the blood and the muscles and lungs. Seals can sleep underwater. They may even surface to breathe without waking.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Penguin

2011-11-03T13:12:00.000+07:00

Life of Sea | Penguin | Penguins are a group of aquatic, flightless birds living almost exclusively in the southern hemisphere, especially in Antarctica. There are Penguins life in Galapagos Island named Penguin Gallapagos. Well suited for life in the water, Penguins are counter shaded dark and white plumage, and their wings have become flippers. Penguins are birds that can not fly, but they swim very well and most of their lives in the sea. There are 17 species of Penguins.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Aves
Infraclass:     Neognathae
Order:     Sphenisciformes
Sharpe, 1891
Family:     Spheniscidae
Bonaparte, 1831

Penguins have shiny, waterproof feathers that help keep their skin dry. They have more feathers than most other birds - about 70 feathers per square inch. Every year, Penguins molt, losing their old feathers and growing new ones. Some penguins have a feathery crest (like the Macaroni penguin and the Rockhopper penguin).

The Emperor penguin is the largest Penguin. It is up to 3.7 feet (1.1 m) long and weighs up to 65 pounds (30 kg), slightly less than half the size of an adult. Males and females look very similar. All Penguins have a big head, short, thick neck, a streamlined shape, a short, wedge-shaped tail, and tiny, flipper-like wings. They have flippers that they use to swim. Penguins are counter shaded, they have a lighter color on the belly and a darker color on their backs, this coloration helps camouflage them when in the water, hiding them from predators.

Penguins eat in the ocean. They eat fish, crustaceans (like krill, etc.), and squid. All penguins are counter-shaded for camouflage - that is, they have black backs and wings with white fronts. A predator looking up from below (such as an orca or a leopard seal) has difficulty distinguishing between a white penguin belly and the reflective surface. The dark plumage on their backs camouflages them from above. Penguins have an average hearing for birds, it is used by parents and chicks to find each other in crowded colonies. Their eyes are adapted for underwater vision, and their main means of locating prey and predators to avoid, in the air suggested that they are nearsighted, although research has not supported this hypothesis.

Penguins have a thick layer of insulating feathers which keeps them warm in water (heat loss in water is much greater than in the air). The Emperor Penguin (the largest penguin) has the largest body mass of all penguins, which further reduces relative surface area and heat loss. They are also able to control the blood flow to their extremities, reducing the amount of blood is cold, but still keeping the extremities from freezing. In the extreme cold of the Antarctic winter, the females are at sea fishing for food leaving the males to brave the weather itself. They often huddle to keep warm and rotate positions to make sure that each penguin gets a turn in the middle of the heat pack.

Penguins for the most part breed in large colonies, the exceptions are the Yellow-eyed and Fiordland species, these colonies may range in size from as little as 100 pairs of Gentoo Penguins, a few hundred thousand in the case of King and Macaroni chinstrap Penguins. Living in colonies results in a high degree of social interaction between the birds, which led to a large repertoire of both visual and vocal displays in all species of penguins. Penguins form monogamous pairs for a breeding season, although the rate the same pair of coupled varies greatly. Most penguins two eggs in a clutch, although the two largest species, the Emperor and King Penguins, lay only one.

Penguins generally only one brood to explain the exception is the little penguin, which can increase two or three broods in a season. Penguin eggs are smaller than other species such as proportional to the weight of the parent birds. When mothers lose a chick, they sometimes try to "steal" another mother's chick, usually unsuccessfully as other women around to help the defending mother keeping her chick.

Penguins seem to have no special fear of humans and have approached groups of explorers without hesitation. This is probably because penguins have no land predators in Antarctica or the nearby islands. Instead, Penguins are at risk at sea from predators such as leopard seal. Penguins are popular around the world, especially for their unusually upright, waddling gait and (compared to other birds) lack of fear of humans. Their striking black and white plumage is often likened to a tuxedo to adjust.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Spotted Eagle Ray

2011-11-02T20:42:00.000+07:00

Life of Sea | Spotted Eagle Ray (Aetobatus narinari) | Spotted eagle ray or white-spotted eagle ray, a cartilaginous fish of the eagle ray family. Spotted eagle rays are often found in shallow coastal waters such as bays and coral reefs but may cross oceanic basins. She is sometimes estuaries. They swim near the surface, sometimes leaping from the water, or near the bottom. They often form large schools during non-breeding season. The Spotted eagle ray is distributed worldwide in tropical coastal waters. It can be found worldwide in tropical regions, including the Gulf of Mexico, Hawaii, Atlantic Africa, Indian Ocean, Oceania and the Pacific coast of America and is found in shallow waters of a depth of 80 meters.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Chondrichthyes
Order:     Myliobatiformes
Family:     Myliobatidae
Genus:     Aetobatus
Species:     A. narinari

The Spotted eagle ray has a long snout, flat and round, a large head and a pectoral disc with sharply curved, angular corners, and no tail, jaws usually with single row of flat, chevron-shaped teeth. Each tooth has a crescent-shaped plate joined into a band. They usually have a large number of white spots on black or blue disk, white below. Long whip-like tail, with a long spine near the base, behind small dorsal fin. The total length of a mature spotted eagle ray can reach 5 meters. The tail is longer than the other rays. It may be 2-6 poisonous spines on the tail.

Spotted eagle rays feed on mollusks and crustaceans, especially malacostracans. The rays eat bivalves, which are animals with two shells, and gastropods such as snails. Spotted eagle ray feed on hermit crabs. These rays also eat shrimp, octopus, and a few small fish. Studies have shown no differences in the dietary habits of men and women or in rays from different regions. The Spotted eagle ray, along with many other rays, often victims of sharks, such as the tiger shark, lemon shark, the bull shark, the silver tip shark and the great hammerhead shark.

A male, or sometimes more than one, a woman will pursue. When the male approaches the female, he uses his upper teeth to grab her dorsal plate. The male than female roles taken over by grabbing her pectoral fin. After she was on her belly, the man will be a branch into the female. They will be connected Venter to Venter. The coverage process can last anywhere thirty to ninety seconds. The spotted eagle ray ovoviviparously develops, that is, the eggs hatch and feed from an internal yolk sac until birth.

The movement of Spotted eagle rays are influenced by the tides. A tracking study showed that Spotted eagle ray was active during high water. These rays have a number of characteristic behaviors, such as digging with their snout in the sand of the ocean. As you do this, a cloud of sand around the radius and the sand spits out his gills. The spotted eagle ray also has two motions, the abdomen and pectoral fins are moved rapidly up and down. They often do this one to five times in a row. As for jumping, there are two kinds of jumps.

One is a vertical jump, where the jet propels itself vertically from the water immediately and then again in the same way. A form of travel is called loose aggregation. This occurs when three to sixteen rays swimming in a separate group, with occasional interaction between the beams. The common school consists of six or more rays swimming in the same direction at exactly the same speed.

The dorsal spots are the Spotted eagle ray an aquarium attraction, but because of its large size it is probably no longer than at public aquariums. There is no target fishery for the spotted eagle ray, but it is often eaten Accidental bycatch.The rays are mainly caught as prisoners in Southeast Asia and Africa. They are also often in the commercial marine life aquarium trade and are used very often. As a Manta Ray in captivity is considered a problem in the vicinity of the molluscs, however, the beam is often slain, there have been many attempts to help protect the species.

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Life of Goblin Shark

2011-11-02T20:21:00.000+07:00

Life of Sea | Goblin Shark (Mitsukurina owstoni) | Goblin shark is a deep-sea shark, the only living species in the family Mitsukurinidae. The most striking characteristic of the Goblin shark is the unusual shape of his head. The Goblin shark is a demersal (living on or near the bottom) to mesopelagic inhabitant of outer continental shelf and found the slopes. They are slow and neutral buoyancy. Many are caught off Honshu, Japan. They live near the sea in specific locations in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. About half of the known specimens were found in the Sagami and Suruga Bays in Japan, others in Kaikura, New Zealand and southern Africa. A substantial population is reported from Madeira. Goblin sharks are found in Australia, New South Wales and possibly southern Australia.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Chondrichthyes
Subclass:     Elasmobranchii
Order:     Lamniformes
Family:     Mitsukurinidae,D. S. Jordan, 1898
Genus:     Mitsukurina, D. S. Jordan, 1898
Species:     M. owstoni

Goblin shark has a long, trowel-shaped, beak-like rostrum or snout, much longer than other sharks' snouts. Some other distinguishing features of the shark are the color of his body, which is mostly pink, and its long, protrusible jaws. When the jaws are withdrawn, the shark resembles a pink-gray nurse shark with an unusually long nose. Their heterocercal tails are similar to the thresher shark, with the upper lobe significantly longer in proportion than other sharks. Furthermore, the Goblin shark's tail lacks a ventral lobe.

The pink color, unique among sharks is due to the blood vessels under a semi-transparent skin (bruising, which is easy), so the color. The fins have a bluish appearance. Goblin sharks lack a nictitating membrane. They have no precaudal pit and no keels. The front teeth are long and smooth edges, while the rear teeth are adapted for crushing. Up to 25% of the body of the goblin shark's weight can be liver. This is similar to other sharks like the basking shark and the shark ruffles, and contributes to the buoyancy of the shark, like all sharks lack a swim bladder.

Goblin sharks hunt by sensing the presence of prey with electro-sensitive organs in the stage, or snout, due to the absence of light in the deep waters where it swims. Once a shark finds its prey, it suddenly protrudes its jaws, while using a tongue-like ability to suck the victim into its sharp front teeth. Goblin sharks feed on a variety of organisms that live in deep waters. Some of their known prey are deep-sea squid, crabs and deep sea fishing. Goblin sharks are usually found as a fishing "bycatch. While they remain close to the seabed, they are usually caught via deep bottom-set gillnets and sea-bottom long-line fishing. They are sometimes caught by trawling. They are also sometimes found entangled by deep-fishing lines.

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Life of Broadclub Cuttlefish

2011-11-02T10:37:00.000+07:00

Life of Sea | Broadclub Cuttlefish (Sepia latimanus) | Broadclub cuttlefish are widespread in the Andaman Sea, east to Fiji, and south to northern Australia. It can generally be seen on coral reefs where it will hide in caves and crevices to keep away from all predators. It is recorded in waters as deep as 30 meters. Broadclub cuttlefish hunts during the day and seems enchanted prey with its rhythmic colored bands. They are fed with small fish and prey crustaceans. They seem enchanted with its rhythmic colored bands.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Mollusca
Class:     Cephalopoda
Order:     Sepiida
Family:     Sepiidae
Genus:     Sepia
Subgenus:     Sepia
Species:     S. latimanus

Broadclub cuttlefish, its common name is derived from its large flat tentacular clubs. It has large fascinating cephalopods with oval mantles and crescent-shaped clubs. Like many cephalopods, Broadclub cuttlefish can be seen displaying a range of colors and textures. Usually they are light brown or yellowish speckled with white markings. The males are dark brown sometimes, especially during courtship and mating. Their arms have longitudinal white bands as a broad white spots appear when extended. Some of their poor brown longitudinal bands extend to their head.

Their dorsal (upper) mantle can sometimes be seen with a saddle marking with small white and brown spots. Their dorsal mantle also narrow brown transverse bands and fat, white, horizontal stripes and spots. Their eyes are yellow around the ventral (lower) margins and their fins are pale white, transverse lines to extend their mantle and the narrow, white bands along the outer margins. The Broadclub cuttlefish has a variety of different sizes sucker, some significantly larger than others. Their cuttlebone is bluntly rounded on both sides, with a convex back (arched top) flat surface that the anterior (front) end. Their dorsal mantle is covered with numerous large buds and elongated buds along the sides adjacent to base of each fin.

It is known to prey on shrimps and prawns. But with danger, the Broadclub cuttlefish sucks water into their body cavity and expels it through a funnel like extension on the underside of the body, causing a backward propulsion enabling the cuttlefish to escape from predators. They are also capable of a cloud of black ink on shooting predators when they are threatened. They feed themselves by catching their prey by two powerful tentacles shoot from among the creatures eyes. The prey is then drawn in the direction of strong foot of the animal and ground for consumption. Squid gather in their hundreds of thousands to spawn.

Broadclub cuttlefish buddies in shallow water between January and May. Their eggs arrive in 38 to 40 days. During the breeding season, males establish a territory, the defense of a coral head where females lay eggs after mating. Courtship is highly ritualized and involves striking visual displays. Males often guard females to exclude other males. This species mates head-to-head and the male places spermatophores on the female's buccal membrane near her mouth. The hard eggs after they are placed, making them difficult for predators to get out of the coral. When they hatch, young people hide under the coral and coral debris, and often to imitate mangrove leaves.

These brightly banded fellow one of the most intelligent invertebrate animals. Maybe it is the squid to the Smarts inspired him to hypnotize its prey by rhythmic swing arms are banded. Broadclub squid are easy to approach and good photographic subjects make. They are an important species for fisheries throughout their range and are taken by trawls, hand lines, and spears. They are also caught as by-catch in remote Southeast Asian trawling.

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Life of Marbled Ray

2011-10-30T14:20:00.000+07:00

Life of Sea | Marbled Ray (Taeniura meyeni) | Marbled ray or Blotched fantail ray is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae that is found in the nearshore waters of the tropical Indo-Pacific, but also from islands in the eastern Pacific. It is singly or in aggregates and usually found with connections and cobia swimming in their neighborhood to a maximum depth of 500 m. It is a bottom-dwelling resident of lagoons, estuaries, and reefs. This large radius is characterized by a thick, rounded pectoral fins, drive under the little knobs on the top, and a relatively short tail with a deep ventral fin fold. It also has a variable, but distinctive light and dark mottled pattern on the top and a black tail.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Chondrichthyes
Subclass:     Elasmobranchii
Order:     Myliobatiformes
Family:     Dasyatidae
Genus:     Taeniura
Species:     T. meyeni

The Marbled ray has a thick pectoral disc wider than long, with a well-rounded outer margin. The eyes are medium size and are followed by large spiracles. There is a short and wide curtain of skin between the nostrils oval, with a finely fringed trailing margin. The mouth is wide and curved, with faint grooves on the corners. There is a row of seven papillae on the floor, the outer pair smaller and distinct from the others. The ventral fins are small and narrow.

The tail is relatively short, not exceeding the width of the disk, and carries one (rarely two) long, serrated stinging spine on the upper surface. The base of the tail is broad, along the spine of the tail rapidly thinning, and carries a deep crease that runs ventral fin to the tail tip. The upper surface of the rotor and the tail roughened by a consistent coverage of small, widely spaced grains. There is also a center row of sharp tubercles on the back, with two rows of shorter side.

The Marbled ray has nocturnal habits and rest motionless for much of the day, often near vertical structures, in caves or under ledges. It can be solitary or form small to large groups. This ray is often overshadowed by one or more connections or cobia, these smaller fish to feed on food sparked by the activities of the radius, or use the body spray as cover for approaching their prey. When feeding, it takes a distinctive position in which the margin of the disc presses against the bottom and take in water through its spiracles, that blows through his mouth to detect prey buried in the sediment.

This species can fall prey to larger fish such as sharks and marine mammals. When threatened, it raises its tail over his back, allowing the spine to the front faces, and waves it back and forth.The dorsal color is light to dark gray, brown, gray, or purple, and was most intense at the fin margins, with a highly variable pattern of irregular dark spots and white spots or stripes. The tail along the spine, including the fin fold, uniformly black, while the underside is creamy white with dark fin margins and extra points. Young Marbled ray are more common in color than adults. The Marbled ray feeds on bottom fish, bivalves outside, crabs and shrimp.

The Marbled ray is not aggressive, and is known to approach and investigate divers. However, if harassed may impose a severe wound with its poisonous tail spine. This species is responsible for at least one death recorded, a diver who was stabbed during an attempt to drive the jet. The blotched fantail ray is popular with divers because of its ecotourist size and spectacular appearance. From South Africa, the blotched fantail ray incidentally captured by prawn trawlers in offshore banks, but is not used. Because of the size and strength, is also appreciated by sport fishermen, who usually go unharmed. South Africa proposes a recreational bag limit of one beam per species per person per day, and not allow spearfishing for this species.

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Life of Frilled Shark

2011-10-30T13:59:00.000+07:00

Life of Sea | Frilled Shark (Chlamydoselachus anguineus) | An unique shark was found in Japan. This sea creature was supposedly exist Prehistoric shark. It has an odd shape. It is not like other common sharks All which have almost entirely straight. Well, this shark is known as Frilled shark. Frilled Shark has one or two sharks from the family Chlamydoselachus. They spread in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Rarely is this type of shark found in the outer continental shelf and the continental shelf and bags are generally at the bottom, although there are substantial upward movement.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Chondrichthyes
Subclass:     Elasmobranchii
Order:     Hexanchiformes
Family:     Chlamydoselachidae
Genus:     Chlamydoselachus
Species:     C. anguineus

With its elongated, eel-like body and strange appearance, the Frilled shark long compared to the mythical sea serpent. The head is broad and flattened with short, rounded snout. The nostrils are vertical slits, separated into incurrent and excurrent openings leading through a flap of skin. The moderately large eyes horizontally oval and lack nictitating membrane (third eyelid protective). The long jaws are inserted terminally (at the end of the snout), unlike the underslung jaws of most sharks. The corners of the mouth are devoid of front or pleats.

The pectoral fins are short and rounded. The single, small dorsal fin far back on the body, roughly opposite the anal fin, and has a rounded margin. The pelvic and anal fins are large, broad and rounded, and placed well back on the body. The tail is very long and roughly triangular, without a lower lobe and a ventral notch on the upper lobe. There are a pair of thick folds of unknown function along the abdomen, separated by a groove. The abdomen is relatively longer in women than in men, with the ventral fins pushed closer to the anal fin. The dermal teeth are small and the shape of the tip of a chisel, be expanded and focused on the dorsal edge of the caudal fin. This species is dark brown or gray.

The long jaws of the Frilled shark are very elastic with a wide yawn, swallow whole prey making it more than half its size. However, the length and articulation of his jaws means that it can not provide as strong as a shark bite more conventionally built. Most captured individuals were found with little or no identifiable stomach contents, suggesting a rapid digestion rate and / or long intervals between feeds.

The many small, sharp, recurved teeth of the Frilled shark are functionally similar to squid jigs and can easily hook the body or tentacles of an octopus, especially when they are turned outward when the jaw tasks. Observations of captive sharks swim with their mouths open ruffles suggests that the small teeth, bright against the dark mouth, maybe even crazy octopus to attack and ensnare themselves.

Frilled shark is rarely found in life, and therefore poses no danger to human small numbers collar sharks incidentally caught by several deepwater commercial fisheries in the world, with trawls, gillnets, and longlines. Due to its low reproduction and the continued expansion of commercial fishing in its habitat, as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) .

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Life of Blacktip Shark

2011-10-30T13:40:00.001+07:00

Life of Sea | Blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) | Blacktip shark is a kind of requiem shark, family Carcharhinidae. It is common to the coastal tropical and subtropical waters around the world, including brackish habitats. Blacktip sharks can be found in both inshore and offshore waters, but they tend to be close to the coast at a depth of 30m or less. They are often seen near estuaries, bays, and mangroves, but did not penetrate far into freshwater bull sharks. The Blacktip shark has a worldwide distribution in tropical and subtropical waters. In the Atlantic Ocean, is found from Massachusetts to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea and the Mediterranean, Madeira and the Canary Islands to the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Chondrichthyes
Subclass:     Elasmobranchii
Order:     Carcharhiniformes
Family:     Carcharhinidae
Genus:     Carcharhinus
Species:     C. limbatus

Blacktip sharks are robust shark with a moderately long, pointed snout. Their first dorsal fin is slightly posterior (back) of their pectoral fins high on the belly of their back with a narrow, pointed tip. This species has not interdorsal ridge. They are dark gray or blue to brown on their dorsal (upper) sides with white belly (bottom) sides and a white band across their flanks. Their pectoral fins, first and second dorsal fins, pelvic fins, and lower caudal (tail) lobes are black tipped, although the dark color tends to fade with age. Their anal fins have no black tips, unlike the similar spinner sharks, which often develops black tips on their anal fins as they mature.

Blacktip sharks feed on small schooling fish such as herring, sardines, menhaden, mullet, and anchovies, but also eat catfish, bass, jacks, snook, porgies, grunts, pill, flatfish, triggerfish, and porcupine fish. They are known to feed on other elasmobranch species such as dogfish, Sharp Nose sharks, dark young sharks, rays and stingrays. Shellfish and squid are also prey for Blacktip sharks. Like spinner sharks are Blacktip sharks seen jumping and spinning out of the water, which is probably one eating. Black Tips schools attack from below at high speed, while snapping their jaws to capture prey. Tiger sharks are known predators of juvenile Blacktip shark.

The Blacktip shark is an extremely fast, energetic predator usually in groups of different sizes. There is segregation by sex and age, adult men and nonpregnant women with the exception of pregnant women found, and both are separated from young people. Like the spinner shark, blacktip shark is known to jump out of the water and three to four spins on its axis before landing. Some of these jumps are the end product of feeding runs, with the shark vertical corkscrews through schools of small fishes and its momentum to launch into the air.

There are reports of Blacktip sharks curiosity about divers, but remain at a safe distance. In most cases, this timid shark is not considered very dangerous to humans. However, they can become aggressive in the presence of food, and their size and speed to invite respect. As one of the most common large sharks in coastal waters, blacktip shark is caught in large numbers by commercial fisheries worldwide, with longlines, fixed bottom nets, bottom trawls, and hook and line. The meat is high quality and marketed fresh, frozen or dried and salted. In addition, the fins for shark fin soup, skin for leather, liver oil for vitamins, and carcasses for fishmeal.

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Life of Bat Ray

2011-10-30T13:25:00.000+07:00

Life of Sea | Bat Ray (Myliobatis californica) | Bat ray is found in muddy or sandy pools, estuaries and bays, kelp beds and rocky shoreline soils. Bat rays prefer shallow tidal waters and sandy areas in bays and estuaries. They can also be found near reefs and kelp beds. Like other species of ray, they are sometimes found buried in the sand. They are found in the eastern Pacific Ocean, between the Oregon coast and the Gulf of California. It is also found in the area around the Galapagos Islands. Bat rays are euryhaline. They are able to live in environments with a wide range of salinity.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Chondrichthyes
Subclass:     Elasmobranchii
Order:     Myliobatiformes
Family:     Myliobatidae
Genus:     Myliobatis
Species:     M. californica

Bat rays are light brown to black with white belly rays. They grow up to 1.2-1.85 m long and weighing up to 90kg. Their wingspan can reach up to 1.85 m from point to point. Males are usually smaller than the females. These rays have at least one poisonous spine near the base of their tails behind their dorsal fin, some have up to 3 spines. Bat rays can live to 23 years. They are seen both solitary and schooling, with a number of schools with thousands of individuals.

Bat rays feed on mollusks, crustaceans and small fish on the seabed, using their wing like pectoral fins to move sand and expose prey. They can also dig trenches up to 20 cm deep to expose buried prey, such as mussels. Bat ray teeth are flat and pavementlike, forming tightly packed rows that are used for crushing and grinding prey to the ground shells are ejected and the meat consumed. As with all cartilaginous fish, the teeth fall out and are constantly replaced.

While the Bat ray, like other stingrays, has a poisonous sting in the tail (near the base), it is not considered dangerous and uses the spine only when attacked or frightened. Bat rays are ovoviviparous species. Eggs are fertilized internally, and the nests of up to 10 were born alive, usually in summer or autumn, after a gestation period of one year.

Female Bat rays selecting a partner than her reproductive condition determined by swimming behind her chemical cues to detect. If a female is ready to mate, the male swims under her with his back to her belly, and turns a rank to the position near her cloaca. During mating, the pair swims together with synchronized beats of their wings. Females group together during the mating season and males help in choosing a suitable partner by protecting sexually immature men and women who have already covered.

At present, the Bat ray commercially fished in Mexico, but not the United States. However, it is sometimes fished for sport fighting for its features. Prehistoric native tribes on the California coast (probably Ohlone), especially in the San Francisco Bay Area, fished bat rays in large numbers, probably for food.

Commercial growers have long believed Bat ray (estuarine areas that have the same preference for the housing sector) prey on oysters, and locked them in large numbers. In fact, crabs (which are prey of Bat ray ) are mainly responsible for the oyster losses. Bat rays are not considered endangered or threatened. Bat rays are popular in marine parks, and visitors are often allowed to touch or stroke the beam, usually on the wing.

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Life of Atlantic Sharpnose Shark

2011-10-30T13:06:00.000+07:00

Life of Sea | Atlantic Sharpnose Shark (Rhizoprionodon terraenovae) | Atlantic sharpnose shark milk is a requiem shark of the family Carcharhinidae found in the subtropical waters of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. These sharks prefer subtropical waters near continental shelf remote from the intertidal zone to deeper waters outside. They are often found near the surf zone of sandy beaches and in closed bays, sounds, harbors, estuaries and river mouths. This shark is able to tolerate lower salinity levels outside, but they do not venture into freshwater bull sharks.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Chondrichthyes
Subclass:     Elasmobranchii
Order:     Carcharhiniformes
Family:     Carcharhinidae
Genus:     Rhizoprionodon
Species:     R. terraenovae

Atlantic sharpnose sharks are small, gray, streamlined sharks, with characteristic long, pointed snout. The males reach at least 1 m long, females may be slightly higher to 1.1 m. Their average weight is 7.25 kg. The edge of their anal fins are straight or slightly concave. Their second dorsal fin located behind their anal fins. Atlantic Sharp Nose sharks are known to be at least 10 years of age to reach.

Females give live birth to a litter of 3-7 pups after a gestation period of 10-11 months. The pups are usually born between 25-35 cm (10-14 inches) in total length. Females often found in marine estuaries during late spring months, probably because Pupping area where they birth their young. Atlantic sharpnose sharks feed on small bony fishes, shrimps, crabs, worms and mollusks.

In the United States, Atlantic sharpnose shark caught in the commercial and recreational fishing, as well as by-catch. Recent commercial landings of this species indicate that it accounts for more than one third of all landings of small coastal sharks in the south-eastern United States in the 1990s. The Atlantic milk shark is also heavily exploited in Mexico.

This is a very abundant species, with an early age at maturity, short generation time and lifespan, and moderately high litter size and population, can withstand a higher level of removal than many other shark species. It is therefore considered a low risk of extinction due to its life history and population characteristics. Nursery areas for this species along the coast and coastal waters often adults, making it vulnerable to such exploitation and human-induced habitat degradation.

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Life of Common Purple Snail

2011-10-29T22:17:00.001+07:00

Life of Sea | Common Purple Snail (Janthina janthina) | Common purple snail is a kind of sea snail holoplanktonic, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Janthinidae, the purple or violet snails snails.This family storm of shells, the Janthinidae, pelagic, which means they live their entire lives floating in a deep ocean waters far from land. Common purple snail build himself a raft of bubbles by capturing the air of the surface of the water with their feet. Mucus forms a bell and a mass of bubbles gives enough lift to keep the shell on the surface of the water. If the raft is broken, the shell sinks and the animal dies.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Mollusca
Class:     Gastropoda
Superfamily:     Epitonioidea
Family:     Janthinidae
Genus:     Janthina
Species:     J. janthina

These animals looking for food in the form of jellyfish prey. But not just any jellyfish - they enjoy Portuguese Man-Of-War, which is lethal to, Blue Button, which has a chitinous disc with the texture and the buoyancy of Styrofoam to help it float, and the Wind Sailor, who has Touch a floating "canvas" so this course with the wind. A few snails can consume a 4-inch Man-of-War in less than one day. They feed on other organisms, and a pinch each other. Common purple snails are blind, and apparently to locate their prey by smell.

Common purple snails live in the deep blue sea, and the dark purple color is cryptic in that environment, making them difficult for birds to find. But the largest scale, common purple snail is bicoloured. The spire of the shell is light lavender, while the bottom half is deep purple. It lives upside down on the bubble raft, with a dark color and top striker cryptic pale light from the sun surface to a fish predator by looking upwards. Besides fish and birds, are also at risk Common purple snail consumed by other molluscs, slugs who live in floating rafts of wood or Sargasso weed. The purple "dye", which secretes Common purple snails proably is foul tasting and should discourage predators.

The largest and most common is the Common purple snail, which reach across the globe in the temperate zone. To find out what you could look on beaches around the world where currents like the Gulf Stream could carry them. You may find them on the Atlantic coast as far north as Massachusetts, but most likely (in the U.S.) in southeast Florida and the Keys. You might even find in the Gulf of Mexico or from distant Australia.

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Life of Blue Glaucus

2011-10-29T21:46:00.000+07:00

Life of Sea | Blue glaucus (Glaucus atlanticus) | Blue glaucus is commonly known as the sea swallow, blue sea and the blue sea slug slug. It's a strange sort of medium-blue sea slug, a pelagic aeolid slug, a marine gastropod mollusk belonging to the family Glaucidae. It is the only species in the genus Glaucus, but it is closely associated with Glaucilla marginata, another member of the family Glaucidae. It is usually pelagic animal, and is spread over the oceans of the planet, in temperate and tropical waters. Areas where the slug is located beneath the eastern and southern coasts of South Africa, European waters, the east coast of Australia and Mozambique. This species floats upside down on the surface of the ocean.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Mollusca
Class:     Gastropoda
Superfamily:     Aeolidioidea
Family:     Glaucidae
Genus:     Glaucus, Forster, 1777
Species:     G. atlanticus

The typical size of this species is between 5 and 8 inches in total length. The maximum recorded length is 40 cm. It is silver on the back and dark and light blue ventrally. He has dark blue stripes on the edge of her foot. It has a tapered body that is flattened and has six appendices that branch out in rays cerata. The radular teeth serrated teeth wear their blades.With the help of a gas-filled bag in the stomach, Blue glaucus floats on the surface. The location of the gas sac the sea swallow floats reversed. The dorsal surface, actually the foot and under, has either a blue or blue-white color. The true dorsal surface is completely silver-gray. This color is a case of counter-shading, which helps to protect it from predators from below, the sides and top. Scientists have often argued about whether the Blue glaucus moves by itself or depends on the wind for propulsion.

Blue glaucus is usually the blue ocean slug for good reason. The vibrant blue color is one of the most visually striking features of the animal. This feature was not only the evolutionary selected because of its appearance, but also provides protection against potential animal predators such as birds fly above the waters it inhabits.Blue Glaucus has a perfect example of a counter-shading. The belly, which floats on the sea surface, the blue and white color that matches the color of the ocean, while the dorsal side, which is down to the water's silver-gray to protect against predators.

Though the camouflage is one method of the Blue glaucus is defending itself in dangerous open water, another method is that it can defend their prey to steal and use for his own protection as mentioned earlier. Like most aeolids, they do this by taking the nematocysts and stored in special bags that are called cnidosacs, transfer them to the ends of their limbs-like excrescences called "cerata". A study using microscopy that the nematocysts inBlue Glaucus same nematocysts were found in P. physalis prove that the sea swallow does in fact these nematocysts obtained from other organisms.

When Blue glaucus from the water, they tend to roll into a ball and then open them again when placed in water. They also flip over slowly when placed in water as their silver-gray surface faces the sky. The Blue Glaucus preys on other large pelagic creatures like the Portuguese Man o War, "by-the-wind sailor, blue and violet snail button. Occasionally the sea swallows can also be cannibals.

Another intriguing fact is that the Blue glaucus is hermaphroditic and oviparous. In reality, most sea snails snails are hermaphrodites which both strings of egg production after mating has taken place. The Blue glaucus tends to deposit eggs on driftwood or even the skeletons of their prey. They lay their eggs on floating objects or animals to keep their young until they develop so that their lungs. Blue glaucus has an interesting part of male reproductive organs. The male organ is large and hooked, probably to get around the cerata dangerous that could present problems when couples where animals are forced to be close to each other

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Life of Flatback Sea Turtle

2011-10-29T13:13:00.001+07:00

Life of Sea | Flatback Sea Turtle (Natator depressus) | Flatback sea turtle is a turtle that is endemic to the continental shelf of Australia. It's unique marine animal in many ways, including their choice of habitat. Instead of clear, coastal waters, flat backs live in turbid coastal waters. Flatback sea turtles are endemic to Australian waters and are found nowhere else in the world. Flatback sea turtles are usually found in bays, shallow, grassy waters, coral reefs, estuaries and lagoons. They inhabit the coastal waters of western, northern and eastern Australia.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Reptilia
Order:     Testudines
Family:     Cheloniidae
Genus:     Natator, McCulloch, 1908
Species:     N. depressus

The Flatback sea turtle is smooth, waxy skin is very thin and easily damaged. The shield of the average adult is 90 inches long. It is low arched, the edge is reversed, and has four pairs of ribs scales, less than other sea turtles. The upper parts are olive-gray, while the more pale ventrally. A few scales are located on the front of the head, which also distinguish this species. The Flatback sea turtle eats a variety of organisms such as sea grass, marine invertebrates such as mollusks, jellyfish and shrimp, but also fish. It also uses soft corals, sea cucumbers and other soft-bodied creatures.

Flatback sea turtle's hatchlings are the largest of a turtle. Hatching is the most dangerous time for flat backs. Led by the low, open horizons, newborns dash for the sea. Only safety in numbers protects them against birds and crabs. However, even the sea is not safe. Sharks and fish patrol shallow waters, preying on boy waiting. Flatback sea turtles are threatened by saltwater crocodiles, dingoes, foxes, rats and lizards fall guy. Along the coast, sea eagles and herons are known to prey upon them as well.

Although Flatback sea turtle move fast in the ocean, they are slow and defenseless on land. Male Flatback sea turtles almost never out of the water. Female sea Flatback sea turtles leave the ocean only to eggs and, for most species, nest only at night to explain. A female may nest every two to three years.

Nests can be between one and three hours. After a female drags herself on the beach, she hollows out a hole with her hind legs and deposits fifty to two hundred eggs the size of golf balls. When the last egg is laid, the turtle covers the eggs with sand, Tamps down the sand with her plastron, and flings more sand about with her flippers to erase signs of the nest.

After about two months the hatchling turtles at night. The light reflects off the water from the sky guides them to the sea. These days, car headlights, street lights or lights on buildings near the beach, causing hatchlings to travel in the wrong direction. Waiting herons make fast meals of the other boy. All babies are on the beach in the morning are easily picked by predators or die in the hot sun. It is thought that when the surviving young adults, they return to the beach where they hatched to lay their eggs.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Nurse Shark

2011-10-22T22:22:00.000+07:00

Life of Sea | Nurse Shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) | The Nurse shark is a common coastal bottom-dwelling shark, found in tropical and subtropical waters on the continental and insular shelves. It occurs in the western Atlantic from Rhode Island to the south of Brazil, in the eastern Atlantic from Cameroon to Gabon, in the eastern Pacific from southern Baja California to Peru and around the islands of the Caribbean. Nurse shark is often found at a depth of one meter or less, but can occur up to 75 m. The common habitats are reefs, channels between mangrove islands and sand flats. Nurse sharks show a strong preference for certain resting sites and repeated the same caves and crevices to return after nighttime activity.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Chondrichthyes
Subclass:     Elasmobranchii
Order:     Orectolobiformes
Family:     Ginglymostomatidae
Genus:     Ginglymostoma, J. P. Müller and Henle, 1837
Binomial name:    Ginglymostoma cirratum

Nurse shark reaches a maximum of 4.3 m total length, maximum weight is 110 kg. The Nurse shark is a common soil-dwelling reef shark found in brackish and marine environments in the shallow waters to 100 m. It has moderately long barbels between the nostrils, nasoral (the nostrils) grooves are present, the mouth is good for eyes, small spiracles, the precaudal tail is shorter than the head and body, the dorsal fins broadly rounded (the first much larger than the second and anal fins), tail moderately long, more than one fourth of the total body length, yellow brown to gray-brown in color, with or without small dark spots and obscure dorsal saddle markings.

Nurse sharks spend the day in large inactive groups of up to 40 people. Hidden under submerged ledges or in crevices in the reef, the nurse sharks seem to prefer specific places calm and return to them every day after the hunt of the night. At night, the sharks are largely solitary, they spend most of their time threaded through the bottom sediments in search of food. Nurse shark are nocturnal, feeding on soil invertebrates such as lobsters, shrimps, crabs, sea urchins, squid, octopus, snails and clams, and fish such as catfish, mullet, puffers and stingrays.

Nurse sharks are not aggressive and will generally swim away when approached, they are one of the most docile animals in the sea. However, some unprovoked attacks on swimmers and divers have been reported. If disturbed the bite is powerful and capable of inflicting serious injury. In some cases, loose jaws reached only after using surgical instruments.

It is not true that all sharks must swim to breathe, and if they can not for whatever reason, they die. Sharks breathe primarily through a ram-jet ventilation used while swimming. Some sharks, however, half respiratory system is based on pumping water. Nurse sharks can switch to the airways when they are resting and saving and the need to swim to water and oxygen move their gills. This double airways is particularly important for ground dwellers such as the Nurse sharks.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Baloonfish

2011-10-22T22:01:00.000+07:00

Life of Sea | Baloonfish (Diodon holocanthus) | It is known as Long-spine porcupine fish. The Baloonfish is in circumtropical distribution. It is found in the tropical regions of the great seas and oceans. It can be found in the Atlantic Ocean, in the western Indian Ocean and the Pacific. They are reef fish with a depth range of 200-100 m. They are found on the muddy sea floor, or in lagoons and seaward reefs and around the world.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Actinopterygii
Order:     Tetraodontiformes
Family:     Diodontidae
Genus:     Diodon
Species:     D. holocanthus

The body of the Baloonfish is covered with long, sharp spines that extend when the fish is inflated by taking in water. All members of the family Diodontidae able to account for inflation, and can also change color when threatened. Baloonfish are nocturnal predators, usually hiding in crevices in the reef during the day. The teeth are fused forming a strong, beak-like mouth for the consumption of snails, sea urchins, and hermit crabs. These fish are relatively poor swimmers. The young people are consumed by pelagic predators such as tuna and dolphins. Adults fall prey to sharks.

Baloonfish are known for their large eyes, spines and their ability to swell like a balloon when attacked. This rather droll reached between 20-35 cm to a maximum of 50 cm. They have a total of 13-15 dorsal and anal soft rays. Young people have spots on their belly (bottom) sides, adults have dark spots and blotches on their back (upper) side. They have 14 to 16 spines between their dorsal fins and snouts. A big brown bar is found above and below each eye, and a broad transverse brown bar on their occipital region (back of the head).

Baloonfish have a pelagic life stage. Spawning occurs after males slowly push women to the surface. The eggs are buoyant, hatch after about four days. The larvae are well developed with a functional mouth, eyes, and a swim bladder. They are mostly yellow with scattered red spots, and covered with a thin shell until about 10 days old, after which the shell is lost and the spines begin to form. Approximately three weeks after hatching, the fins and fin rays are present and the teeth are formed. As young people develop their olive to brown with dark spots on the ventral side that serve as camouflage for young people floating in Sargassum weed. The spotting is maintained until the boy moved to shore and adults.

Baloonfish is used in Chinese medicine, and is captured on the surface with a hand net. It is toxic if not properly prepared. In the cavity, Baloonfish is aggressive against members of his own species and other species. It should be fed meaty meals (fish, squid, shrimp, mussels or krill). If no algae in the aquarium, green stuff should be added. Ideally the fish should be fed no less than three times a day. The Baloonfish is mostly at night and the day to hide until they are fully acclimatized. It's a funny pet and fish can also owned by the bite - a painful experience. You should not provoke inflation, because it can air, which is very difficult to be removed and taken deadly. Netting is also not recommended as it can blow into the net, making removal very difficult.

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Sea Creatures

Life of Olive Ridley Turtle

2011-10-22T21:41:00.000+07:00

Life of Sea | Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) | The Olive Ridley turtle, also known as the Pacific Ridley, is a kind of turtle. The Olive Ridley turtle is primarily a "pelagic" sea turtle, but is known to inhabit coastal areas, including bays and estuaries. Olive Ridley turtle typically breed annually and an annual migration from pelagic foraging, breeding on the coast and nest building, back to pelagic foraging. Trans-Pacific ships have observed olive ridley more than 4.000 km of coastline. The Olive Ridley turtle has a life cirumtropical distribution in tropical and warm waters of the Pacific and India from India, Arabia, Japan, Micronesia and south to South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In the Atlantic Ocean, the observed off the west coast of Africa and the coasts of northern Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, French Guyana and Venezuela.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Reptilia
Order:     Testudines
Family:     Cheloniidae
Genus:     Lepidochelys
Species:     L. olivacea

The Olive Ridley turtle is one of the most extraordinary nesting habits in the natural world. Large groups of turtles gather off the nesting beaches. Then, suddenly, large numbers of turtles come ashore and nest in what is known as a "arribada." During this arribadas, hundreds to thousands of women come ashore to lay their eggs. Many nesting beaches, the nesting density is so high previously laid egg clutches are dug by other females digging the nest to lay their eggs.

The Olive Ridley turtle is considered the most common sea turtle in the world with an estimated 800,000 nesting females per year. The Olive Ridley turtle is named after the olive color of its heart-shaped top shell (carapace). Adult turtles are relatively small. The size and morphology of the Olive Ridley varies from region to region, with the largest animals seen on the Pacific coast of Mexico. There are often only five pairs of ribs "scales" on the scale, but that number varies. Some people are documented with nine pairs of ribs scales. Each of the four flippers have one or two visible claws. The shield of eastern Pacific olive ridley is greater in height than other populations. Western Atlantic Olive Ridley turtle usually have a darker color than the eastern Pacific Olive Ridley turtle.

The Olive Ridley turtle is omnivorous, meaning that feeds on a wide variety of foods, including algae, lobster, crab, tunicates, molluscs, shrimps and fish. Historically, the Olive Ridley turtle exploited for food, bait, oil, leather, and fertilizer. The meat is not considered a delicacy, the egg, but is respected everywhere. Egg collection is illegal in most countries where the Olive Ridley turtle nests, but these laws are rarely observed. Harvesting eggs has the potential to contribute to local economies, and thus the unique practice of allowing a sustainable (legal) egg harvesting was attempted in various places. Numerous case studies conducted in the regions of arribadas beaches explore and understand the socioeconomical, cultural and political issues of egg collection.

Known enemies of Olive Ridley turtle nests are raccoons, coyotes, wild dogs and pigs, opossums, Coatimundi, caimans, ghost crabs, and the sunbeam snake. Hatchlings are attacked as they travel along the beach to the water by the vultures, frigate birds, crabs, raccoons, coyotes, snakes and iguanas. In the water, hatchling predators are most likely oceanic fish, sharks and crocodiles. Adults have relatively little is known predators except sharks and killer whales are responsible for occasional attacks. Females are often plagued by mosquitoes during the nests. People are still listed as the main threat to Olive Ridley turtle responsible for unsustainable egg collection, slaughter women on the nesting beach, and immediately reap adults at sea for the commercial sale of both the meat and hides.

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